hey hello hai nama saya citra widyana putri saya lahir di tangerang 31 januari 1996. oh iya kalian bisa manggil saya icit heheh :))
terus apa lagi ya??? hmm hobi deh hobi saya baca buku mungkin kadang saya juga suka ngedengerin lagu hehe :D
oh ya alamat saya mau tau ga?? hehe aku kasih tau tapi jangan di teror ya jalan bebedahan 2 no 73 hehe. saya sekarang sekolah di SMP ALMUTTAQIN yang di jalan ahmad yani no 140 itu tau kan?? harus tau ya :D
ya mungkin udah deh cukup segitu aja yang bisa d tulis hehe :))
Minggu, 06 Februari 2011
sejarah islama zaman abbasiyah
Bani Abbasiyah atau Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah (Arab: العبّاسدين, al-Abbāsidīn) adalah kekhalifahan kedua Islam yang berkuasa di Baghdad (sekarang ibu kota Irak). Kekhalifahan ini berkembang pesat dan menjadikan dunia Islam sebagai pusat pengetahuan dengan menerjemahkan dan melanjutkan tradisi keilmuan Yunani dan Persia. Kekhalifahan ini berkuasa setelah merebutnya dari Bani Umayyah dan menundukan semua wilayahnya kecuali Andalusia. Bani Abbasiyah dirujuk kepada keturunan dari paman Nabi Muhammad yang termuda, yaitu Abbas bin Abdul-Muththalib (566-652), oleh karena itu mereka juga termasuk ke dalam Bani Hasyim. Berkuasa mulai tahun 750 dan memindahkan ibukota dari Damaskus ke Baghdad. Berkembang selama dua abad, tetapi pelan-pelan meredup setelah naiknya bangsa Turki yang sebelumnya merupakan bahagian dari tentara kekhalifahan yang mereka bentuk, dan dikenal dengan nama Mamluk. Selama 150 tahun mengambil kekuasaan memintas Iran, kekhalifahan dipaksa untuk menyerahkan kekuasaan kepada dinasti-dinasti setempat, yang sering disebut amir atau sultan. Menyerahkan Andalusia kepada keturunan Bani Umayyah yang melarikan diri, Maghreb dan Ifriqiya kepada Aghlabid dan Fatimiyah. Kejatuhan totalnya pada tahun 1258 disebabkan serangan bangsa Mongol yang dipimpin Hulagu Khan yang menghancurkan Baghdad dan tak menyisakan sedikitpun dari pengetahuan yang dihimpun di perpustakaan Baghdad.
Keturunan dari Bani Abbasiyah termasuk suku al-Abbasi saat ini banyak bertempat tinggal di timur laut Tikrit, Iraq sekarang.
www.google.com
www.google.com
SHORTCUT MOZILLA
Using Shortcuts
This document uses the following format for listing shortcuts:Example:
| Command | Windows | Mac | Linux |
|---|---|---|---|
| Copy | Ctrl+C | Cmd+C | Ctrl+C |
General Mozilla Shortcuts
These shortcuts are available from all Mozilla windows:| Command | Windows | Mac | Linux |
|---|---|---|---|
| Command | Windows | Mac | Linux |
| Copy | Ctrl+C | Cmd+C | Ctrl+C |
| Paste | Ctrl+V | Cmd+V | Ctrl+V |
| Cut | Ctrl+X | Cmd+X | Ctrl+X |
| Close Window | Ctrl+W | Cmd+W | Ctrl+W |
| Delete Next Word | Ctrl+Del | Ctrl+Del | |
| Go Up One Page | Page Up | Page Up | Page Up |
| Go Down One Page | Page Down | Page Down | Page Down |
| Go Up One Line | Up Arrow | Up Arrow | Up Arrow |
| Go Down One Line | Down Arrow | Down Arrow | Down Arrow |
| Undo | Ctrl+Z | Cmd+Z | Ctrl+Z |
| Redo | Ctrl+Shift+Z | Cmd+Shift+Z | Ctrl+Shift+Z |
| Find | Ctrl+F | Cmd+F | Ctrl+F |
| Find Again | Ctrl+G or F3 | Cmd+G | Ctrl+G |
| Find Links As You Type | ' (apostrophe) | ' (apostrophe) | ' (apostrophe) |
| Find Text As You Type | / | / | / |
| Open search engine page | Ctrl+Shift+F | Cmd+Shift+F | Ctrl+Shift+F |
| Open Context Menu | Shift+F10 | Ctrl+Space | Shift+F10 |
| Open Main Menu (switches to the first drop-down menu at the top of the window. example: "File" in Windows) | Alt or F10 | (Mac OS X: Controlled through keyboard preference in Control Panel) | F10 |
| Move to beginning of line (in a text editing field) | Home | Cmd+Left Arrow | Ctrl+A |
| Move to end of line (in a text editing field) | End | Cmd+Right Arrow | Ctrl+E |
| Exit Mozilla | Ctrl+Q | Cmd+Q | Ctrl+Q |
| Start Navigator | Ctrl+1 | Cmd+1 | Ctrl+1 |
| Start Mail & Newsgroups | Ctrl+2 | Cmd+2 | Ctrl+2 |
| Open Middle Tab | Ctrl+3 | Cmd+3 | Ctrl+3 |
| Start Composer | Ctrl+4 | Cmd+4 | Ctrl+4 |
| Start Address Book | Ctrl+5 | Cmd+5 | Ctrl+5 |
| Start IRC Chat | Ctrl+6 | Cmd+6 | Ctrl+6 |
Navigator Shortcuts
| Command | Windows | Mac | Linux |
|---|---|---|---|
| Open Manage Bookmarks Window | Ctrl+B | Cmd+B | Ctrl+B |
| Add Page to Bookmarks | Ctrl+D | Cmd+D | Ctrl+D |
| File Bookmark (to customize and file a page you are bookmarking) | Ctrl+Shift+D | Cmd+Shift+D | Ctrl+Shift+D |
| Bookmark Properties (for selected bookmark in Manage Bookmarks window) | Ctrl+I | Cmd+I | Ctrl+I |
| Command | Windows | Mac | Linux |
|---|---|---|---|
| Command | Windows | Mac | Linux |
| Open History Window | Ctrl+H | Cmd+Shift+H | Ctrl+H |
| Reload | Ctrl+R | Cmd+R | Ctrl+R |
| Force Reload (not from cache) | Ctrl+Shift+R | Cmd+Shift+R | Ctrl+Shift+R |
| Back | Alt+Left Arrow or Backspace | Cmd+Left Arrow | Alt+Left Arrow |
| Forward | Alt+Right Arrow | Cmd+Right Arrow | Alt+Right Arrow |
| Stop | Esc | Esc | Esc |
| Home | Alt+Home | Cmd+Home | Alt+Home |
| Go to Bottom of Page | End | End | |
| Go to Top of Page | Home | Home | Home |
| Select All Text in Location Bar | Ctrl+L or Alt+D | Cmd+L | Ctrl+L or Alt+D |
| Open Web Page Location | Ctrl+Shift+L | Cmd+Shift+L | Ctrl+Shift+L |
| Open Selected Link in a Web Page | Enter | Return | Enter |
| Exit Mozilla | Ctrl+Q | Cmd+Q | Ctrl+Q |
| Move to Next Frame (in web pages using frames) | F6 | Ctrl+Tab or F6 (if F6 is not programmed for another command) | F6 |
| Move to Previous Frame (in web pages using frames) | Shift+F6 | Ctrl+Shift+Tab or Shift+F6 (if F6 is not programmed for another command) | Shift+F6 |
| New Navigator Window | Ctrl+N | Cmd+N | Ctrl+N |
| Move to Next/Previous Link or Form Element in a Web Page | Tab/Shift+Tab | Tab/Shift+Tab | Tab/Shift+Tab |
| Open File | Ctrl+O | Cmd+O | Ctrl+O |
| Close Window | Ctrl+W | Cmd+W | Ctrl+W |
| Save Page As | Ctrl+S | Cmd+S | Ctrl+S |
| Save Linked Page (when a link is selected) | Shift+Enter | Option+Enter | Shift+Enter |
| Print Page | Ctrl+P | Cmd+P | Ctrl+P |
| Go Up One Page | Page Up/ Shift+Space | Page Up/ Shift+Space | Page Up/ Shift+Space |
| Go Down One Page | Page Down/Space | Page Down/Space | Page Down/Space |
| Go Up One Line | Up Arrow | Up Arrow | Up Arrow |
| Go Down One Line | Down Arrow | Down Arrow | Down Arrow |
| Turn on/off Caret Mode | F7 | F7 (if F7 is not programmed for another command) | F7 |
| Command | Windows | Mac | Linux |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full Screen (toggle) | F11 | F11 (may depend on window manager) | |
| Zoom Text Smaller | Ctrl+- (minus sign) | Cmd+- (minus sign) | Ctrl+- (minus sign) |
| Zoom Text Larger | Ctrl+= (plus sign) | Cmd+= (plus sign) | Ctrl+= (plus sign) |
| No Zoom (back to normal/100%) | Ctrl+0 | Cmd+0 | Ctrl+0 |
| View Page Information | Ctrl+I | Cmd+I | Ctrl+I |
| View Page Source | Ctrl+U | Cmd+U | Ctrl+U |
Mail & Newsgroups Shortcuts
| Command | Windows | Mac | Linux |
|---|---|---|---|
| Command | Windows | Mac | Linux |
| Save Message as File | Ctrl+S | Cmd+S | Ctrl+S |
| Open Message (in a new window) | Ctrl+O | Cmd+O | Ctrl+O |
| Delete Message | Del | Del | Del |
| Undo Delete Message | Ctrl+Z | Cmd+Z | Ctrl+Z |
| Select All Messages | Ctrl+A | Cmd+A | Ctrl+A |
| Collapse All Threads | \ (backslash key) | \ (backslash key) | \ (backslash key) |
| Expand All Threads | * (asterisk key) | * (asterisk key) | * (asterisk key) |
| Message Source | Ctrl+U | Cmd+U | Ctrl+U |
| Go to Next Message | F | F | F |
| Go to Next Unread Message | N | N | N |
| Go to Next Unread Thread | T | T | T |
| Go to Previous Message | B | B | B |
| Go to Previous Unread Message | P | P | P |
| Reply to Message (replies only to sender) | Ctrl+R | Cmd+R | Ctrl+R |
| Reply to All in Message (replies to sender and to other email addresses in message) | Ctrl+Shift+R | Cmd+Shift+R | Ctrl+Shift+R |
| Forward Message | Ctrl+L | Cmd+L | Ctrl+L |
| Edit as New (compose new email using the body and attachments of the selected message) | Ctrl+E | Cmd+E | Ctrl+E |
| Mark Message as Read | M | M | M |
| Mark Thread as Read | R | R | R |
| Mark All Messages in Selected Folder as Read | Ctrl+Shift+C | Cmd+Shift+C | Ctrl+Shift+C |
Composer Shortcuts
| Command | Windows | Mac | Linux |
|---|---|---|---|
| Command | Windows | Mac | Linux |
| Save Page | Ctrl+S | Cmd+S | Ctrl+S |
| Open File | Ctrl+O | Cmd+O | Ctrl+O |
| Close Page | Ctrl+W | Cmd+W | Ctrl+W |
| Find in Page | Ctrl+F | Cmd+F | Ctrl+F |
| Find Again | Ctrl+G | Cmd+G | Ctrl+G |
| Insert/Edit Link | Ctrl+L | Cmd+L | Ctrl+L |
| Increase Indent | Ctrl+[ | Cmd+[ | Ctrl+[ |
| Decrease Indent | Ctrl+] | Cmd+] | Ctrl+] |
| Discontinue Text Styles | Ctrl+Shift+T | Cmd+Shift+T | Ctrl+Shift+T |
| Discontinue Link | Ctrl+Shift+K | Cmd+Shift+K | Ctrl+Shift+K |
| Select Row/Column | Ctrl+Drag | Cmd+Drag | Ctrl+Drag |
| Select Cells(s) | Ctrl+Click (drag to select block of cells, or continue clicking to select individual cells) | Cmd+Click (drag to select block of cells, or continue clicking to select individual cells) | Ctrl+Click (drag to select block of cells, or continue clicking to select individual cells) |
| Decrease Font Size | Ctrl+- (minus sign) | Cmd+- (minus sign) | Ctrl+- (minus sign) |
| Increase Font Size | Ctrl+= (equal sign) | Cmd+= (equal sign) | Ctrl+= (equal sign) |
| Text Style Bold | Ctrl+B | Cmd+B | Ctrl+B |
| Text Style Italic | Ctrl+I | Cmd+I | Ctrl+I |
| Text Style Underline | Ctrl+U | Cmd+U | Ctrl+U |
| Text Style Fixed Width | Ctrl+T | Cmd+T | Ctrl+T |
Help Window Shortcuts
| Command | Windows | Mac | Linux |
|---|---|---|---|
| Open Help and Support Center within Navigator, Mail & Newsgroups, Composer, and Address Book | F1 | Help Key | F1 |
| Navigate Links within Content Pane (right pane) | Tab | Tab | Tab |
| Switch between Content Pane and Search/Contents/Index/Glossary (toggle) | F6 | F6 | F6 |
| Navigate Index Terms (while Index Pane is selected) | Up/Down Arrow | Up/Down Arrow | Up/Down Arrow |
| Scroll Pane (Content, Table of Contents, or Index) | Up/Down Arrow | Up/Down Arrow | Up/Down Arrow |
| Expand/Collapse Table of Contents Tree Structure | Left/Right Arrow | Left/Right Arrow | Left/Right Arrow |
| Print Page | Ctrl+P | Cmd+P | Ctrl+P |
| Go Back to Previous Page | Alt+Left Arrow Key | Alt+Left Arrow Key | Alt+Left Arrow Key |
| Go Forward One Page | Alt+Right Arrow Key | Alt+Right Arrow Key | Alt+Right Arrow Key |
